
Why you should (and shouldn't)
pay off your mortgage
By Mark Trumbull | Staff writer of The Christian
Science Monitor
The question comes to investment adviser
Jim Miller in various guises, but it comes frequently
and it boils down to this: Is money better used to pay down
debts or to build an investment nest egg?
Most often the inquiry involves a home mortgage.
The other day, Mr. Miller says, it involved a pickup truck.
A client had just bought a vehicle, and wondered
if he should pay for it by selling some investments. Miller
asked him first to check what rate of return those investments
had achieved over the past few years. The exercise prompted the
client to change gears: He took out a loan for the truck so that
he could keep more money invested.
The equation doesn't always work out that
way, Miller says. Sometimes "eliminate debt" wins over "invest."
But the question is central to American family
finances today. Household debt has reached a historic high,
while personal savings are running low for many.
Interest rates add another wrinkle to the
pocketbook puzzle: A recent rise in rates means that investors
may be able to earn higher interest on a certificate of deposit
than they're paying on their mortgage. In such cases, plowing
free cash into investments may be more lucrative than paying
down the mortgage.
"My take on it is pure bottom line," says
Miller, a registered investment adviser in Columbiana, Ohio. "If
in fact the rate that they're paying on a loan ... is
substantially less than the rate that they're earning on their
investments through real life experience, I encourage them to
extend the mortgage as long as they can."
The phrase "real life experience" is key.
Some people invest on their own, others with
help from a broker or adviser. But either way, it's important to
gauge whether your money has been earning 10 percent or 3
percent annually - after averaging out the good and bad years.
The rate of return is crucial, but just one of several factors
in deciding whether to invest money rather than use it to pay
down a mortgage.
Other factors include your level of financial
discipline, your willingness to take on additional risk, your
taxes, and your time horizon. Indeed, the choice is probably
less about spreadsheet calculations than about temperament. For
some people, paying off debt brings great peace of mind, while
investing brings worry.
Others advocate keeping the largest mortgage
possible - even borrowing home equity to put more money into
stocks during market downturns.
"If you're aggressive, I'll tell you to
leverage," says Roland Manarin, president of Manarin Investment
Counsel Ltd. in Omaha, Neb. "The key to success is discipline."
In essence, this wealth-building strategy
applies the principle known as "arbitrage." It's what bankers or
bond traders do when they borrow at one interest rate, and lend
(invest) at a higher one. This adds risk in the form of
investment price swings. But in another way it reduces risk,
since less of your net worth is tied to the value of a single
asset: your home.
"Do the math," says Jon Hanson, an author and
speaker on personal finance based in Columbus, Ohio. "The best
reason" to pay off a mortgage, he says, "is just having the
emotional peace of mind."
Here's how the math works in the case of a
couple with a 25 percent federal tax rate and a 6 percent rate
on their mortgage. Because mortgage interest is tax-deductible,
their effective interest rate, with the tax-benefit figured in,
is 4.5 percent. If stocks return about 7 percent a year - which
some analysts see as a reasonable forecast - the couple stands
to gain by investing rather than paying down the mortgage. But
much of the financial benefit vanishes if the investment isn't
tax-sheltered.
And be careful with bonds, experts say. If they
aren't held in a tax-sheltered account, Treasury notes earning 5
percent would net only 3.75 percent for the couple, after taxes.
Often financial experts refer to certain loans
as "good debt." A mortgage leads toward home ownership, and a
student loan can pave the way to a high-paying career.
On the other hand, "I don't think it can ever be
considered 'good debt' unless you can actually show a return on
it," says Mr. Hanson, author of "Good Debt, Bad Debt."
He warns that the tax advantages of a home
mortgage, while real, may not be as big as people think.
The standard deduction on federal taxes for a
married couple filing jointly, for example, is $10,300. The
interest paid on a $200,000 loan might not be much more than
that in a given year. So for households that don't have other
deductions that approach $10,300, the after-tax mortgage rate
may be similar to the pretax mortgage rate.
The math may be arcane, but doing it can
bring rewards for young and old alike. "Managing the last few
pennies out of a dollar, for a lot of people, is going to mean
the difference between comfort and a tight belt," says Miller,
author of "Retire Dollar Smart."
For a young couple, with the option of tucking
money into a tax-sheltered retirement account, "it doesn't make
much sense to pay down your mortgage," says Greg McBride, a
senior financial analyst at Bankrate.com.
One exception, he says, is that people might
want to pay down a high-interest "jumbo" loan. Once the debt
falls below $417,000, it can be converted to a lower-rate
conforming loan.
Experts offer some other nuggets:
- Don't fall further into debt. Many have borrowed against
their home equity, but used the cash for spending rather than
for investing or discharging other debts.
- Have a cushion in case home prices don't keep rising. If
you need to sell your home, you'll have to cover transaction
costs (such as broker's commission) as well as pay off your
loan. The cushion may come from investment dollars or from
paying down mortgage debt.
- Seek professional help if the choices seem hard to fathom,
but find a seasoned adviser.
- Consider locking in a low-interest rate. Whether you're
paying down your mortgage or not, adjustable-rate mortgages
are ratcheting upward. Refinancing with a fixed rate may make
sense.
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